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| Getting Beyond the Literal Sense of Scripture |
| by Mark P. Shea |
| 10/29/08 |
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Jesus famously said, "Seek first the kingdom of God and all these things will be added to you as well."
Elsewhere, He restated this principle using a different image and adding a negative corollary:
Take heed what you hear; the measure you give will be the measure you get, and still more will be given you. For to him who has will more be given; and from him who has not, even what he has will be taken away (Mk 4:24-25).
Moderns love to argue about the fairness of these observations, as though Jesus is somehow advocating abolition of the capital gains tax. What strikes me is how much this is like arguing about the fairness of the law of gravity. Jesus is not talking about what we might wish were so. He is describing what is. And the hard facts on the ground are these: A person or a culture that aims for God gets the earthly stuff taken care of as a side benefit. The person or culture that aims for earthly goods not only doesn't get the things of heaven, they don't even get the earthly goods.
Examples of this abound. A Christian culture set out to celebrate holy days for God and found that it had accidentally created a slew of holidays for human beings. A Christian culture insisted that man was made in the image of God and wound up abolishing slavery among men (and, mark you, Christian culture is the only culture that has ever abolished this immemorial human institution). A Christian culture aimed to obey Christ's command to care for the wretched of the earth and accidentally invented the hospital. A Christian culture set out to obey the command to love the Lord your God with all your mind and accidentally invented the university and the scientific revolution.
Conversely, when we deny that the human person is a creature made in the image of God and define him strictly as a product of nature, you don't get human dignity freed from the shackles of religious dogma, as the New Atheists keep hoping. Instead, you get constant attempts to reduce the human person to his component parts. He becomes "nothing but" a collection of complexes or chemicals. Mind becomes "nothing but" a very complex set of neuron firings. Love is thrown into the acid bath and dissolved into various components consisting of sex response to pheromones and visual stimuli. Duty is reduced to various theorized component parts having to do with herd instincts and Darwinian species protection genes.
Nothing is itself, and nothing is a mystery. The arts become "nothing but" the various expressions of the will to power between races, classes, and genders. If a thing appears to partake of personhood and mystery, that's because that thing is actually a sort of musical chord formed of subrational "notes" that combine to create the illusion that things like persons and meaning exist. In the post-Christian era that seeks only earthly goods, what you thought was a human being made in the image and likeness of God turns out to be an unusually complicated piece of meat living out the genetic programming bequeathed to it by a long series of accidental collisions of molecules.
This impulse to dissolve mystery in the acid bath of simplicity can also be seen in the post-Christian era's approach to Scripture. The pioneers of post-Christian thought set out some two centuries ago to pull Scripture down out of the clouds of heaven and reduce it to a strictly human book. What they delivered was not a human book but a less-than-human book. For in attempting to figure out not what Scripture said but what the guessed-at sources and redactors and re-redactors were "really" saying before the Bible actually assumed its present form, they turned it into an unreadable patchwork that no normal person would bother with. What lay behind this mentality is something akin to the sort of mind that doesn't actually like to watch The Lord of the Rings but instead insists on watching the 18 hours of "making of" videos on the extended edition. Such a mind understands everything about the film except the experience of watching it as it was intended to be watched by the people who made it. Such people need to be reminded of Gandalf's remark: "He that breaks a thing to find out what it is has left the path of wisdom." Add to that, of course, the fact that, with the extended edition of The Lord of the Rings, you actually have the makers of the film telling you, in their own words, how they did it, while with the source-critical approach to Scripture, you have multiple, conflicting, and often completely baseless guesses about which passages come from what sources and were edited by whom for what purpose. That's because we don't have any of the original writers or storytellers who supposedly stand at the back of the Yahwist, Elohist, Priestly, Deuteronomic, Deutero-Isaian, Q, proto-Mark, Pauline, pseudo-Pauline, Johannine, pseudo-Johannine, Hebrew Matthew, Lucan, Petrine, or pseudo-Petrine documents. We just have the Bible -- and a lot of scholars with minds buzzing in a vacuum.
That is not to say that the source-critical approach is worthless. It's not. It's just grotesquely overrated as a way of getting at what Scripture actually says and means.
So, in a small attempt to restore some sane balance, we will use this space over the next three weeks to look at Scripture as the first Christians did, beginning next with the allegorical sense of Scripture.
Readers have left 11 comments. "It's just grotesquely overrated as a way of getting at what Scripture actually says and means." I don't know that I'd word it in that way. There are a few people who think you can build a house with just a hammer. The reality is you need a saw, screwdrivers, maybe a concrete mixer, and some other tools, too. I think the summation of the recent synod expressed it well, that Biblical scholarship works well tempered with other aspects like prayer, connection of the Scriptures to daily life, liturgy, devotion, and similar aspects. I don't know about the Scripture scholars you know, but I had a very good one in graduate school. He taught grad students, seminarians, and parish adult ed. He was a gifted preacher, which wasn't surprising. He was also profoundly insightful as a spiritual director, trying to connect people to the event of God in their daily lives. His mind was hardly buzzing, and he certainly didn't operate in a vacuum. While I think some preachers and catechists have a clumsy approach to Scripture, I'm not sure I experience so much a misuse of scholarship as the lack of a deep grasp of the connections. And as for the scholars of history, they were applying principles of curiosity, inquiry, the search for meaning two-hundred years ago. They didn't intend that a clumsy preacher fresh out of seminary would trouble the conservative souls in the back pew with an alphabet stew of interpretation. Rather than guess at the history, Mark, (because we don't have the scholars of 1800 or 300 here, do we?) why not just outline what the ideal approach to the Bible in life, liturgy, and prayer might be? The Bible is clearly alive and working well for lots of Christians these days. You just have to look a little deeper. ...is that source-criticism addicts think you can build a house by taking the house apart. Written by Mark Shea If addicts are the issue, then the problem is with people, not methods. My sense of the situation is that Americans do have a tendency to reject the intellect, go with the gut or the feelings. I'm leery about the tone I read in your essay and in the blogging of a few others. I think there's far greater danger treating the Scriptures as a literary/allegorical blend. Seems like we're just substituting one set of experts for another like it's some kind of election. I'm simply offering a reasonable caution to critics of the "higher criticism" method. If your problem is with individuals who are misusing it, then name names and take issue with specifics. I'm simply going to suggest that the way the Church actually has read its Bible for two millennia is a good way to read it. Written by Mark Shea "I'm simply going to suggest that the way the Church actually has read its Bible for two millennia is a good way to read it." Good. That would include "higher criticism" as part of the reading. Otherwise, we're only talking eighteen centuries, give or take. good post! historical reference has it's place, but it's place shouldn't be to dissect, rather it should be to enhance. Todd are you actually reading Mr. Shea’s work in its totality? (A rhetorical question) Then I don’t know how you can make your opinions as written. As you appear to not want stigmatize other historical writers by not judging what’s in their hearts, neither I do of you, but your postings here and else where clearly are confused or minimally idiocentric. Your presumptive arguments that when applying “curiosity, inquiry, and the search for meaning” when studying scripture, God's public revelation, to be always benign or wholesome falls well short of human reason. Todd who could argue that Christians need to apply a “connection of Scriptures to daily life, liturgy, and devotions.” But there is a danger when finite beings attempt to define the infinite creator in definite terms using their “intellect” and a "higher criticisms." “faith in God, life on Earth, inspiration for the pilgrimage … the important things” And I find your above web site caption just as confusing as your opinions typed on these threads. To truly have faith in God is to focus on the end game of salvation and eternity. The many literary forms of scripture are full of examples of what happens to men when too much focus is on life here on earth and not on eternity. “Don’t allow your mind to be in the world. Your body is here, but your mind should be with the Lord, as if nothing else mattered.” EWTN’s Mother Angelica Written by nobody "Todd are you actually reading Mr. Shea’s work in its totality?" Yes, but I'm just addressing one point. I don't have a huge disagreement with Mark; I'm just advising caution on one point. It's likely he and I agree on about 98% of the substance of Catholic expression. "But there is a danger when finite beings attempt to define the infinite creator in definite terms using their 'intellect' and a 'higher criticisms.'" Sure. There's a danger for anything that ties up hubris and personal sin with God. There's even danger in avoiding the use of the intellect when it's God's gift to you. The classic definition of theology is "faith seeking understanding." Some of that understanding is certainly intellectual, and I have no problem with the notion that we can use our minds to attempt to know God more deeply and serve God more faithfully. It's also not everybody's cup of tea, a sort of cafeteria Catholicism, if you will. My web site caption is not intended to be anything more than a caption. It doesn't explain what I write about. It doesn't capture my fellow bloggers and our readers and commentariat. You're invited to read and contribute, as you do here. It's just a discussion. Good piece, Mark. After reading B16's "Jesus of Nazareth" I am coming to understand the limited value of the historical critical method, and I am alarmed at a couple of the conclusions frequently drawn by so many who use it -- namely that the Bible stories are nice (but not true); and, when we just understand how to interpret it, there is justification in scripture for whatever our favorite sinful behavior happens ot be. Being stuck in space and time, it is very difficult to get one's head around God's simple yet profound message of mercy-tempered justice and salvation through grace working through faith in love. It's like CS Lewis (I think) described -- being a character in a book trying to understand what the author is up to while stuck on the written page. Thank God for the Church. Written by Bruce Roeder "A person or a culture that aims for God gets the earthly stuff taken care of as a side benefit. The person or culture that aims for earthly goods not only doesn't get the things of heaven, they don't even get the earthly goods." You gotta footnote Lewis on this one, doesn't he say almost exactly the same thing? I just cant think where at the moment. It was something about God leaving and demons arriving. Anyone know? Written by Gren |








